Jenkins-Guarnieri, Wright, and Johnson (2013) suggested another scale, the Social Media Use Integration Scale … number of Facebook friends [15], average daily time spent on social networking [10], and frequency of use [16]), which fails to assess complex constructs of online social networking use. Floor and ceiling effects were considered present if more than 15% of respondents possessed the minimum or maximum score of the SNAIS. One of the key issues plaguing the existing studies on the use of the social networking sites (SNSs) is the lack of a uniform index for measuring the time spent on the sites. Supports Intensity Scale Trainers in their own words! All items were on a 5-point Likert-type scale anchored by “Strongly Disagree” and “Strongly Agree.” A sample item is “I’m proud to tell people I’m on … The confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by using Lisrel 8.70, while all other statistical analyses were performed by using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). this measure indicate a higher risk for disordered eating. On social media, the intensity of a user’s preoccupation with a social networking site like Facebook is strongly correlated with trust in the social platform, according to North Carolina State University. Furthermore, 8.8% of the participants were classified as having Internet addiction (12.0% for males and 4.6% for females, χ2 = 13.84, df = 1; p<0.001) (Table 1). Interviewer Reliability Qualifications Review How SIS training enhances staff knowledge, confidence, and more Safeguarding your investment: Guidelines for selecting trainers for the Supports Intensity Scale Tips on Enhancing a SIS Interview Reliability. [3,4] Furthermore, previous studies conducted in China have reported prevalence of Internet addiction ranging from 2.4% to 22.9% among adolescents. The Facebook Intensity Scale has seen prolific use since its development; however, it has been criticized by some scholars. Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. The 14-item scale was pilot tested among 77 secondary school students who were social networking users. The top three purposes for using online social networking were to keep in contact with old friends (73.3%), entertainment (48.4%), and to make new friends (39.8%). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t002. [37] The results of the CFA confirmed the two-factor solution, showing acceptable goodness of fit to the data: χ2/df = 4.05 (χ2 = 307.68, df = 76, p<0.001), NNFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.082 (90%CI: 0.073~0.092). As expected, the SNAIS and its subscale scores were correlated significantly with emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, Internet addiction, and characteristics related to social networking use. Our survey did not involve endangered or protected species, and the study did not involve sensitive content related to students. In the present study, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” for assessing extent of emotional connection. Yes Guangzhou), and moreover, grade 9 students of one of the two schools were not invited to participate in the study due to school restriction. We followed the study design of a number of published papers involving validation of scales among students [40–42], which have smaller sample sizes as compared to our study. The factor structure of SNAIS was also clearly established. Besides, Pearson correlation coefficients among SNAIS/subscales, emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, and Internet addiction were derived. Therefore, raw data will be made available upon request and approval of the schools’ principals and the investigators. Facebook). Intensity Scales Another type of scale focuses on the intensity of one’s social media use, such as how frequently they access social media, how long they spend on different platforms or their subjec-tive experiences of social media. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between personal environment factors (self-esteem and subjective wellbeing) and behaviors (social network site [SNS] intensity and smartphone addiction) drawing upon the Social Cognitive Theory and utilizing structural … It also measures emotional connectedness to the social networking site. As a measure of quality control, 73 (6.7%) of the 1088 collected questionnaires with at least one measurement scale having >20% of its items missing were excluded from data analysis. The first 10-item factor explained 42.2% of the total variance, and was named the “Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI)” subscale. Study Shows that Intensity of Facebook Use Can Be Predicted by Reward-related Activity in the Brain Neuroscientists at Freie Universität Berlin show a link between reward activity in the brain due to discovering one has a good reputation and social media use № 243/2013 from Aug 28, 2013. Firstly, data was acquired by self-reporting collection method, reporting bias might exist although the study was highly anonymous. Social media, such as Instagram and Snapchat, are immensely popular among adolescents (Anderson & Jiang, 2018; Vannucci & McCauley Ohannessian, 2019).Concerns have been raised about adolescents’ social media use (SMU) and its impact on their mental health, in particular on their life satisfaction and depressive symptoms (Primack & Escobar-Viera, 2017; Underwood & … Further elaborations and refinements are warranted. It is relatively painless and will only take a few minutes. The study appeared in Online Information Review. Respondent caegories according to intensity of use of social media Low Table 2. The two subscales that emerged from the SNAIS have strong practical implications and can be used to understand various consequences of SNUI. In the present study, we have developed and validated the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) among junior middle school students in China. Therefore, no significant ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. Details. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click No ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. Products. The Social Media Disorder scale was used to measure SMU problems (Van den Eijnden et al., 2016). In the present study, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” for … On May 18, 2020. The present study has several limitations. Location Taken: US Yes To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop a tool that assesses online social networking use intensity (SNUI) among adolescents based on diverse social networking activities. e0165695. Book; Search. In this work, we curate a large-scale dataset that con-nects popularity in one social media platform { 81.9 million YouTube videos { to discussions about each of these digital items in an external platform, in 1.06 billion tweets. Data obtained from 910 (89.7%) students, who were social networking users, were used for data analysis. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. The Facebook Intensity scale is used to measure Facebook usage beyond simple measures of frequency and duration, incorporating emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into individuals’ daily activities. Considering the dramatically increasing prevalence of social networking use among adolescents (90% prevalence in our sample), the development of the SNAIS would facilitate the progression of related studies investigating the effects of social networking use on psychosocial well-being among adolescents. Facebook). The technique of sampling uses quota sampling. Given the large scale of use of social media, there is a lack of research analysing the influence of multiple social media on brand equity (Schivinski and Dabrowski, 2015; Keller, 2016; Gürhan-Canli et al., 2016). Previous research has indicated that the effects of Internet use on psychosocial well-being was partially dependent on the nature of Internet use. Excessive use of new technologies appears to be potentially addictive for a minority of young people. Besides, Verbal informed consent was also obtained from participants before they filled out the questionnaires by the field-workers, and it is thought that their participation or not would partially reflect themselves and their parents’ (or caregivers’) decision. [6,22,26,27] A pool of 38 items was extracted. duration of social networking use). We believe that the EFUI subscale is still useful, considering its acceptable psychometric properties. For instance, a study from Yang et al [22] only covered four specific types of Facebook activities (electronic interactions, voyeurism, self-presentation, and gaming), while intensity of using two of these four types of activities was only assessed by a single item. [2] The annual report of the China Internet Network Information Center estimated that there were 618 million Internet users, or “netizens” (45.8% of the total population) in China at the end of 2013, and a quarter (24.1%) of them were between 10–19 years old. Specifically, the SMIS adaptation to the Instagram social network was applied . The survey was conducted in October of 2013 in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong province located in southern China. The Multidimensional Media Influence Scale (MMIS; Cusumano & Thompson, 2001). No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? Despite its prolific use, the scale has been criticized by, among https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t006. We developed a new tool, the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS), which can be used to assess SNUI among Chinese junior middle school students. Yes To gauge test-retest reliability, 114 students from the school in the urban area completed the same questionnaire after two weeks. Similarly, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” in the current study, and a translation and back-translation process was used. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. To examine the factor structure of the SNAIS, the sample was randomly split into two subsamples of equal size. We suggest both subscales to be used together in the future, as nowadays social interactions and entertainment are not mutually exclusive. The percentage of respondents reporting maximum scores of the SFUI, EFUI, and SNAIS were 0.88%, 0.66% and 0.55%, respectively, while the percentage of participants reporting minimum scores of the SFUI, EFUI and SNAIS were 0.88%, 1.76% and 0.55%, respectively. Result and discussion. No, Is the Subject Area "Facebook" applicable to this article? The study hence used a convenience sampling design. [25] Two junior middle schools, one from rural and one from urban areas, were conveniently selected to join the study, with all grade 7–9 classes of the rural school and all grade 7–8 classes of the urban school being invited to participate in the study. The correlation coefficients between each item and the overall scale ranged from 0.43 to 0.72 (all p<0.001), while all correlation coefficients between the items and their corresponding subscale ranged from 0.64 to 0.77 (all p<0.001). Online social networking, as a new phenomenon, allows users to create individual public profiles and share information about himself/herself with a large number of people. In contrast, the SNAIS mainly focused on the online social networking activities instead of confining to only one specific platform (e.g. The scale measures the intensity of Instagram use based on the response to seven items, with a four-level Likert scale response mode (1 = Strongly disagree; 4 = Strongly agree). Adding additional items to the EFUI subscale may improve its reliability. Authors developing measuring minutes spent using the site and scales of social media use have focused mainly number of Facebook friends, although at lower on behavioral frequency of use (e.g., Ross et al., levels than correlations with the Facebook Use 2009), used inadequate measures such as single Intensity scale scores. Despite the ubiquity of social media use and growth of research in the area, few studies have examined the relationship between various types of social media use, sense of belonging and psychological wellbeing, while controlling potentially influential variables. Center for Health Education in Guangdong Province, Guangdong, China. Information on scoring and administering the FBI can be found at the link below. For instance, the Facebook Intensity Scale, [17] a commonly used instrument, [8,9,20] assesses the extent of one’s emotional connection to Facebook and integration between its use and one’s daily life. Except for Item 8 and Item 14, item means were close to the middle of the range. It assessed social networking use intensity for specific functions, in which two constructs (social function and entertainment) emerged. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [29,30] The scale has commonly been used in Chinese student populations and shown acceptable validity and reliability. About 60% of the participants were male (59.2%) and about two thirds (64.1%) of them possessed a smartphone (Table 1). Yes Media influence and body image in 8-11-year-old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale. The present study developed a scale of online social media use that measures the integration of the social behavior and daily routines of users, along with … Background Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. We did not try to get the informed consent from parents or caregivers of the potential students considering that the survey was conducted in schools. The developed SNAIS is a comprehensive inventory with acceptable psychometric properties. Furthermore, it only assesses attitudes towards Facebook but no other social networking platforms, while the majority of adolescents use multiple types of social media. Researchers have attempted to establish measures for the intensity of social media use in order to determine the levels of integration of SNS in users‘ lives. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. The participants performed online social networking mainly via personal computers (62.1%) and smartphones (24.0%). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 3.1.8. In contrast, the EFUI presented slightly stronger correlations with Internet addiction (Pearson r = 0.23, p<0.001) as compared to that of the SFUI (Pearson r = 0.18, p<0.001) (Table 4). The statement of the novel coronavirus as a pandemic was an invitation to battle for governments to make a dire and quick move. The Facebook Intensity Scale was developed to measure Facebook usage by incorporating both emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into one’s daily activities. Two factors, Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI) and Entertainment Function Use Intensity (EFUI), were clearly identified by both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Includes free, interactive social media checklist.. + 1 646 712 9441 Client Login Contact Us Alerts / Search. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, China, Affiliation The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.86 and the test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.84. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t003. Results of factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution (Social Function Use Intensity and Entertainment Function Use Intensity), which reflects two different but important behavioral patterns related to social networking activities among adolescents. (2016) Validation of the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale among Junior Middle School Students in China. Moreover, the results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed that those who reported higher levels of duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends, scored significantly higher in the SNAIS and its two subscales (all p<0.001, Table 6). The development of SNAIS therefore adds value to existing tools. It has acceptable psychometric properties and is easy to be self-administered by junior middle school students. Participants were 200 adolescents aged 15 – 18 who use social media of whom 83 male and 117 female in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. In this study, an exploratory factor analysis of this scale showed a one-factor solution that explained 51.2% of the total variance, with high factor loadings ranging from 0.64 to 0.77. Book; Search. PLoS ONE 11(10): Be that as it may, many feel the reaction from certain nations was short of what was needed. Recent . An anonymous structured questionnaire was self-administered by the participants in the absence of teachers and in classroom settings, supervised by a well-trained field-worker of our research team. Definition of Social Media Intensity: The extent to which a person is actively engaged in social networking activities. Social Media Use Integration Scale (SMUIS) The SMUIS (Jenkins-Guarnieri et al., 2013) was constructed to measure engaged use of social media, or “the degree to which social media is integrated into the social behavior and daily routines of users, and the importance of and emotional connection to this use” (p. 39). Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. No, Is the Subject Area "Emotions" applicable to this article? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168. Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China, Affiliations A literature review on online activities and related measures on social networking use was conducted. The EFA revealed two factors with eigenvalue larger than one. Share. The 8-item Social Media Intensity Scale measures the intensity of one’s use by assessing the strength of their emotional attachment to their social media (Ellison et al., 2007). However, there are few validated instruments to measure social networking use intensity. Discussion is warranted for some findings. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t004. We used a modified scale to encompass all social media use, not just Facebook. Conceptually, FIS mainly evaluated the individual’s attitudes towards Facebook to reflect the degree of emotional connection to Facebook. It is also confined to a single platform (Facebook). It is thought that the school principals were responsible for students during the school time, and their informed consent would be enough on behalf of junior middle school students for the school-based study. Of the 910 participants, 44.4%, 40.2% and 15.4% were 7th, 8th and 9th grade students, respectively and 47.4% came from the urban school. duration of social networking use, number of days per week using social networking on average, time spent on social networking on a typical day, and number of social networking friends). [17] Third, those measures failed to capture the intensity of the full range of online activities. No, Is the Subject Area "Adolescents" applicable to this article? Five-point Likert scales were used, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The SFUI showed slightly stronger correlations with emotional connection (Pearson r = 0.49, p<0.001) and social networking addiction (Pearson r = 0.32, p<0.001), as compared to those of the EFUI (Pearson r = 0.40 and 0.25, respectively, p<0.001). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t005. 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