[209] Chiral resolution remains the most economical method for obtaining optically pure amphetamine on a large scale. Functional selectivity by conformational selection. [237], As a result of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance, as defined in the treaty, in all 183 state parties. Amphetamines (sometimes called "speed") are a group of synthetic psychoactive drugs that stimulate the central nervous system. [211] Another example employs the Ritter reaction (method 3). [27][83] Due to the potential for reversible growth impairments,[note 10] the USFDA advises monitoring the height and weight of children and adolescents prescribed an amphetamine pharmaceutical. [3] Amphetamine is a weak base with a pKa of 9.9;[5] consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich cell membranes of the gut epithelium. Find medication information including related drug classes, side effects, patient statistics and answers to frequently asked questions. [201], The substituted derivatives of amphetamine, or "substituted amphetamines", are a broad range of chemicals that contain amphetamine as a "backbone";[13][47][202] specifically, this chemical class includes derivative compounds that are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents. [21][167] In humans, the only post-synaptic receptor at which amphetamine is known to bind is the 5-HT1A receptor, where it acts as an agonist with low micromolar affinity. or. [45][196], Amphetamine is a methyl homolog of the mammalian neurotransmitter phenethylamine with the chemical formula C9H13N. [25][68] Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and increase arousal (wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior. Sehr beliebt als Partydroge ist auch Ecstasy, ein Amphetamin-Abkömmling, der meist MDMA (= Methylendioxymethamphetamin) enthält. [36] As a consequence of DAT uptake, amphetamine produces competitive reuptake inhibition at the transporter. Pages Liked by This Page. Amphetamines are synthetic stimulants. Amphetameme. [130] Other treatment modalities examined in the analysis included monotherapy with contingency management or community reinforcement approach, cognitive behavioral therapy, 12-step programs, non-contingent reward-based therapies, psychodynamic therapy, and other combination therapies involving these. Withdrawal symptoms include depression and sleep disturbances. Those who use mixed amphetamine salts, however, were more likely to continue with the treatment. There is evidence that amphetamine use to treat ADHD could slow growth in children. Also known as meth, blue, ice, and crystal, among many other terms, it takes the form of a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol. Amphetamine is a synthetic stimulant-type medication. [220][223][224] Several prescription drugs produce amphetamine as a metabolite, including benzphetamine, clobenzorex, famprofazone, fenproporex, lisdexamfetamine, mesocarb, methamphetamine, prenylamine, and selegiline, among others. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall,[note 4] dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. [194], Amphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the endogenous trace amines, which are naturally occurring neuromodulator molecules produced in the human body and brain. People take it to boost libido, increase wakefulness, improve cognitive control, enhance sociability, and induce euphoria. [1], An amphetamine overdose can lead to many different symptoms, but is rarely fatal with appropriate care. Adderall is a medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. [219] Chromatographic methods specific for amphetamine are employed to prevent false positive results. Scientists carrying out a review of 20 studies concluded that stimulants are probably helpful for people with ADHD. [27] Zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum effective dose of amphetamine when it is used for the treatment of ADHD. or. [5] Approximately 20% of amphetamine circulating in the bloodstream is bound to plasma proteins. In individuals who experience sub-normal height and weight gains, a rebound to normal levels is expected to occur if stimulant therapy is briefly interrupted. Today at 4:45 AM. [34][27][83] These agencies indicate that people who have experienced allergic reactions to other stimulants or who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should not take amphetamine,[34][27][83] although safe concurrent use of amphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors has been documented. It can also speed up reaction times, increase muscle strength, and reduce fatigue. Long-term amphetamine misuse can damage the brain and the cardiovascular system and may lead to psychosis, malnutrition and erratic behaviour. In this route, allylbenzene is reacted acetonitrile in sulfuric acid to yield an organosulfate which in turn is treated with sodium hydroxide to give amphetamine via an acetamide intermediate. Create New Account. [130], Additionally, research on the neurobiological effects of physical exercise suggests that daily aerobic exercise, especially endurance exercise (e.g., marathon running), prevents the development of drug addiction and is an effective adjunct therapy (i.e., a supplemental treatment) for amphetamine addiction. Using amphetamines can lead to addiction. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Amphetastream. Stimulants are drugs that speed up the body’s processes including heart and breathing rate. Its use results in an increase in certain types of brain activity, resulting in a feeling of higher energy, focus, confidence, and in a dose-dependent manner, can elicit a rewarding euphoria. [96][107] It has been implicated in addictions to alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, methylphenidate, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, propofol, and substituted amphetamines, among others. Amphetameme. [sources 10], ΔJunD, a transcription factor, and G9a, a histone methyltransferase enzyme, both oppose the function of ΔFosB and inhibit increases in its expression. [210], A large number of alternative synthetic routes to amphetamine have been developed based on classic organic reactions. Yesterday at 9:39 PM . [5] Highly acidic urine will reduce the enantiomer half-lives to 7 hours;[11] highly alkaline urine will increase the half-lives up to 34 hours. [110][112][131] In particular, aerobic exercise decreases psychostimulant self-administration, reduces the reinstatement (i.e., relapse) of drug-seeking, and induces increased dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) density in the striatum. [114] The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human therapeutic doses and oral administration show that these changes, if they occur, are relatively minor. 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