For the successful cultivation of HYV, there should be an efficient extension service which may guide the farmers about the various agricultural operations and precautions. High yielding isn't any one specific method. Wheat yields in Pakistan increased from 4.55 million tons in 1966 (Anonymous, 1966) to 25.48 million tons in 2014 (Anonymous, 2015). A few fruits have been obtained in the cross involving Alpinia neutans; in other crosses no seeds were set (Parameswar, 1997). A combination of very high transgene expression and improved protein stability resulted in mortality of even Bt-resistant insects (Kota et al., 1999). The reduced levels of CHS mRNA and enzymatic CHS activity and the levels of anthocyanins were downregulated, and precursors of the flavonoids pathway were shunted to the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to large increases in levels of (hydroxy) cinnamoyl glucose esters. Many wild species of plants, animals, and microorganisms emerged as pests of crop plants due to destruction of their natural habitats. Transgenic potato expressing the gna gene showed reduced damage to leaves (Bell et al., 2001a). Since the 1970s Chinese farmers have used hybrid rice seed. It is High yielding varieties. Apart from canals, the government tube wells, pumping sets and tube wells installed by the farmers are necessary to fulfill the water demand of the new seeds. A Bt transgenic potato plant resistant to potato tuber moth was developed by transferring the cry1Ab gene under a granule-bound starch synthase promoter (Kumar et al., 2010). At the same time, decreased levels of ethylene in RNAi-ACS fruits lead to altered levels of various ripening-specific transcripts (i.e., upregulation of PA biosynthesis, ascorbic acid metabolism genes, and downregulation of cell wall hydrolyzing enzyme genes). The irrigation fields enriched with heavy energy input of NPK create a micro climate (hot and humid) in the field which helps in the luxurious growth of plants. These insects and pests seriously attack the plants, hamper their growth and reduce the yield substantially. Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins, occur abundantly in seeds and storage tissues of different plants and were also found to be injurious to the different insects but not to mammals (Li and Romeis, 2009). HYV - High yielding varieties. Unfortunately, the credit agencies in India, generally, serve the larger farmers who are economically well off and politically well connected. Buy varieties that say they are compact or “bush” varieties. The yield capacity of each variety is given as a percentage of the control varieties (which themselves are proven varieties of a number of years standing), which is rated as 100. Even in the years of droughts (1987-88 and 1988-89), the farmers could harvest very good crops of paddy with the help of canal and tube well irrigation. The silencing of a ripening-related CHS gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria Ã ananassa cv. Apart from efficient transport and infrastructural facilities, modern flour mills and rice husking factories need to be located at appropriate location. High yielding cultivars of crops depleted soils of nutrients and precious organic matter. Results in this publication are aggregated over a number of years and on an Transgenic tomato plants targeting more than one homolog than a single unit of ACC oxidase by using RNAi technology during the ripening stage would be more effective than a single homolog (Gupta et al., 2013). Modern farming tools and technology like tractors, threshers and sprayers are also imperative for the successful cultivation of HYV. Weeds may potentially reduce the yield of wheat up to 23% (18%â29%) worldwide but due to weed management practices actual losses account for 7.7% (3%â13%) (Oerke, 2006). The other inputs like chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals can enhance the yield further. Apart from benefits gained from these practices, they have also given rise to unexpected outcomes bearing threats to sustainability of such practices as well as survival of human beings and other life forms on Earth. It was estimated that 200 g of Golden Rice could give 100% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A; therefore, it has great potential for solving vitamin A deficiency related diseases, such as blindness, in developing countries. The Bt gene encodes the delta-endotoxin highly toxic to lepidopteran insects. Among these pests, weeds contribute maximum losses in crop production, which may potentially reduce production of crops by 34%, followed by animal pests (18%) and pathogens (16%). The list of 310 new crop varieties includes two bacterial leaf blight disease resistant rice (Pusa 1592 and Punjab Basmati-3), one blast disease resistant variety of rice (Pusa 1609), seedless variety of Nagpur orange, high temperature tolerant garden pea (Arka In the developed countries like the UK, Germany, Netherlands and Japan the consumption of chemical fertilizers is much higher to that of India. Postharvest losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of many high-yielding varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The first irrigation to wheat around the third week of sowing alone raises yield by as much as 30 per cent than that when it is delayed. After irrigation, chemical fertilizer is the second most important input required for the successful cultivation of HYV. Medson Chisi, Gary Peterson, in Sorghum and Millets (Second Edition), 2019. The high-yielding varieties developed by classical plant breeders have been essential to maintaining adequate food supplies for the ever-expanding world population (Bennetzen, 1996). Click here to learn the concepts of Important High Yield Crop Varieties from Biology Put a tick mark against the correct alternative in the following statements : Hybrid varieties of Raising of three and four crops from the same field in one year is possible only if modern technology is available to the farmer. In the adoption and spread of HYV the role of human factor is also very important. You might also want to think about placing a few onions near or around your cucumber plants as studies show that not only will onions keep soil bacteria and insects away, but they increase the cucumber plants overall yield. The perennial varieties mature in 190-220 days while the annual ones in 190-230 days. In the areas exclusively dependent on rains (Brahmaputra Valley) and in the dry farming areas (Rajasthan, Marathwada, etc.) Therefore, a search continues for new nonconventional weed control methods aimed at utilization of biological weed control approaches. The high yield varieties of crops give better response to fertilizers. Each year, insects destroy about 25% of food crops worldwide. Efficient transport and nearness to the market reduce the cost of transportation of the bulky and perishable agricultural commodities. These varieties, as stated at the outset, require elaborate arrangements of canal and tube well irrigation. To achieve this objective, intergeneric crosses were made using Ammomum subulatum, Alpinia neutans, Hedychium flavascene and Hedychium coronarium as male parents. Direct methods employ all the techniques primarily aimed at weed control (Shad, 2015), including manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological. Advances in genetics and genomics have fostered a revolution in genome-level understanding of crops (Cooper et al., 2004; Nelson et al., 2004; Moose and Mumm, 2008). The new varieties introduced since the first HYVs are now often referred to as MVs (modern varieties). Although a few improved high-yielding varieties of cardamom have been evolved, combining yield and cardamom mosaic resistance has not been possible. Proteinase inhibitors have been found very effective in controlling the growth and development of many insects by inactivating serine proteinase enzymes of the insect (Larry and Richard, 2002). Threats posed by conventional weed control methods to environment, food quality, and human health are discussed below followed by the discussion of the feasibility for developing the most efficient biological weed control approaches. The personal qualities of a farmer, his attitude, beliefs, aspirations, progressiveness, and education, lifestyle and family values determine his capacity to adopt an agricultural innovation. For example, a farmer, having a tractor and blade terrace, manages to grade his field to a much better level in the course of time as compared to a farmer not having the similar sources of power and equipment’s at his disposal. Breeding of new varieties of rice and wheat has continued since the 1960s, increasingly in research stations in the countries where they are to be grown. Ethylene suppression brings compositional changes to the fruits by enhancing polyamine (PA) levels. Newer approaches are needed to meet the great increase in food production necessitated by population growth in … those high yielding varieties can achieve high yields of grain and whole crop. These costly inputs may go as a waste after the floods resulting from heavy rains. Yield and yield consistency: select soybean varieties that are high yielding in public and private variety trials. High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of agricultural crops are usually characterized by a combination of the following traits in contrast to the conventional varieties: To evaluate different varieties of rice for their growth and Because tomatoes are susceptible to changes in climate, they have autocatalytic activities of ethylene during their ripening period. In India, most of the farmers, excepting a few larger ones, have no surplus over consumption, and therefore, no saving or operational capital at their disposal. It is mainly because of the human factor that the agricultural incomes of the farmers, having almost the same size of holdings in a village, vary from each other. Crop genotypes play a dominant role in crop production systems. The response of traditional varieties to chemical fertilizers is more in terms of vigorous vegetative growth which leads to pre-harvest lodging of the crop. In this world of competition, only those are marching ahead who are progressive, innovative, receptive and efficient, while the conservative and less progressive are left behind. There is little disagreement that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity, as it relied on just a few high-yield varieties of each crop. The three new yam varieties were released based on slow rate of oxidation, ability to be eaten in pounded form, high yield, and high dry matter content. , 1986). Introduction of such high-yielding varieties of wheat depends crucially on the availability of fertilisers, adequate water supply, pesticides and insecticides. In the case of rice, inadequacy of moisture in the primordial initiation (flowering, milking and grain forming stages) can reduce production to the extent of 50 per cent. The danger of pests and insects may be reduced by using plant protection chemicals. Contaminated food, air, soil, and waterbodies have exposed life on Earth to hazardous agrochemicals. (2012). In several districts of Punjab and Haryana irrigation facilities are available to each and every hectare of land. Thus controlled irrigation is the key to success of new varieties of cereals. Parthasarathy, D. Prasath, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 1, 2012. With this technology, the rice breeder is now able to transfer and incorporate desirable genes into rice genome, no matter where the gene comes from. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The transgenic approach provides a novel way for rice breeders to use genes other than those from rice and its relatives. patents-wipo Long term expected performance of the crop variety may be estimated using the parameter estimates. To meet water requirements, there must be a controlled source of water at the disposal of farmers. Enormous machinery, like tractors, threshers, sprayers, tillers, chaff cutters, pumping sets, etc., are required for the timely operations of sowing, weeding, spraying and harvesting of HYV. Globally, yield losses to weeds have reduced with time because of improvements in weed control practices and improved weed management. The national average of NPK consumption is 75 kg per hectare while in Punjab and Haryana the average consumption of chemical fertilizers in about 170 kg and 110 kg per hectare respectively. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The challenge of food security still continues and demands the adoption of new approaches to ensure safe and sufficient food for everyone. The amount of pesticides used worldwide for pest control increased by 15â20-fold in the last 50 years (Oerke, 2006). The health and well-being of the world’s growing population are largely dependent on the ability of the agricultural industry to raise high yielding food and fiber crops. In fact, in the absence of controlled irrigation chemical fertilizers cannot be applied with confidence and many a times their application affects the crop adversely, particularly if the soil is not sufficiently moist. Harvesting fully mature kernels at moisture content < 25% w.b. The mechanization of agriculture also helps in the judicious utilization of complementary inputs like irrigation water, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to thank TFD for its existence? One of the important factors which contributed to the success of new seeds in the states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh is the elaborate irrigation infrastructure in the form of canals, tube wells and pumping sets. In the absence of irrigation facilities, the farmers may not get even reasonable returns from their fields. They require several watering at the critical stages of growth and flowering. Any lapse on the part of cultivator in the application of inputs may reduce the production and productivity substantially. This in turn has been accelerated by advances in digital technology applied through biostatistics and bioinformatics. Although, it involves centuries old practices, a major breakthrough in pest control was the development of pesticides. Early maturation: The high yielding varieties of crops take less time for maturing. High Yielding Varieties Seeds are undoubtedly land substituting, water economizing, more labour using, and employment generating innovation; nevertheless, they are very delicate and sensitive and therefore require a great deal of care if a successful harvest is to be obtained. Root hairs of Chenopodium murale L. released allelochemicals (Dmitrovic et al., 2014), which disturbed cell growth cycles and caused oxidative damage to wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The varieties of pigeon pea Jai Prakash has developed many pigeon pea varieties viz. Winter Wheat This article was written by Peter Johnson , Agronomist, Real Agriculture. Image Guidelines 5. The lodging of crop reduces the yield per unit area. These varieties require irrigation after every three weeks during the period of growth and development and after every two weeks at the flowering and primordial stages. These dwarf varieties give much higher yields per unit area. Availability of electric power which is the nucleous of all technological development is imperative for multiple cropping under the HYV programme. Of non-availability of capital, he high yield crop varieties definition have an easy access to credit reproductive of. 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