caslon typeface history

The History of Typography - Animated Short - Duration: 5:10. This peculiarity of the font style has stayed with it through several revivals. In 1720 he designed an “English Arabic” typeface used in a psalter and a New Testament. Corrections? Caslon is the name given to serif typefaces designed by William Caslon I in London, or inspired by his work. Uses are tagged with this generic entry unless a specific revival is confirmed (see Related Typefaces). William Caslon I was an English gunsmith and designer of typefaces. Character and Use. When you click it, you get a list of typefaces to choose from – Arial, Baskerville, Caslon etc – and from there you set the specifics of the font – Medium Italic 16 point, for example. Adobe Caslon is a typeface designed by Carol Twombly and William Caslon, and is available for Desktop. DDB Worldwide 13,492 views. Ben Barrett-Forrest 1,544,248 views. Designer: William Caslon I ... Caslon. These, as well as all of their consecutive revivals, are referred to as Caslon. http://www.hyperborea.org/les-mis/font.html. In 1720, Caslon began his career in type design by accepting a commission to create a typeface for the New Testament in Arabic. It was the first display size version of Caslon available digitally. Mar 24, 2018 - Explore Kayla Stammer's board "Caslon Mood Board" on Pinterest. https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Caslon, William Caslon - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Big Caslon is a Caslon revival typeface designed by Matthew Carter and released through Font Bureau in 1994. Bodoni typeface is named after its creator, Giamattista Bodoni. We then created a series of posters, where we attempted to teach the viewer about our font. From 1725 through to 1730 three books printed by William Bower used roman and italic fonts cut by Caslon. Since the Caslon Foundary was in business for a long time, there are many Caslon typefaces. For my typography course, we had to critically study a typeface each and create a publication for it. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Certain modern processes for reproducing texts and illustrations, however, are no longer dependent on the mechanical concept of…, Typography, the design, or selection, of letter forms to be organized into words and sentences to be disposed in blocks of type as printing upon a page. Font: Caslon. Caslon began his career in London as an apprentice engraver of ornamental designs on firearms and other metalwork. Caslon typefaces set the aesthetic standard for book design, and by the 20th century, the name Caslon referred not only to a specific set of typefaces, but an entire brand. Before we get into details, let us first take a glance at how others divide and classify typefaces, and what some of the early developments looked like. Some history. His work helped to modernize the book, making it a separate creation rather than a printed imitation of the old hand-produced book. The history of Caslon. Benjamin Franklin used it extensively and in fact it was the font used to set both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. Caslon’s typefaces combined delicate modeling with a typically Anglo-Saxon vigour. See more ideas about Caslon, Typography, Typeface. Loading... Unsubscribe from iDZINEZ? Caslon began his career as an apprentice to an engraver of gunlocks and barrels. Adobe Caslon Pro Semibold Italic 1. In fact, for many years a common rule of thumb among printers and typesetters was "When in doubt, use Caslon. It quickly became the dominant roman style typeface of the British Empire because of its simplicity and cleanliness, and it is considered the first original English typeface as a result.. After 1735 Caslon’s eldest son, William (1720–88), joined him and by about 1742 had become a partner. He was an expert printer who ran a p r inting-office under the Duke of Parma. The success of Caslon’s new typefaces in England was almost instantaneous, and, as a result, he received loans and sufficient trade to enable him to set up a complete typefoundry. William Caslon I (1692 – 1766) reached the pinnacle of his creation when he published his specimen sheet in 1734 to advertise his foundry. Caslon was the very first alphabet that lettering artists learned to draw, so they all were very familiar with it. The close of the 19th Century has seen three major changes in the technology of typesetting that affected the Caslon font. Caslon typeface iDZINEZ. Many revivals bearing William Caslon’s name have been released by various foundries. It has been used to set nearly every form of printed material: from fine books, to high-pressure advertising, to … Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. A student video for a motion design class using the subject of the Caslon Typeface Caslon is an Old Style serif typeface originally designed by William Caslon in 1722. Desiger/History . "The first sans serif font to appear in a type sample book was by William Caslon IV in 1816. History. This font is based on Caslon’s original Caslon, one of the ageless classic typefaces. The italics have a rhythmic calligraphic stroke, and some of the lowercase italics have the suggestion of a swash. http://www.hyperborea.org/les-mis/font.html. Caslon's earliest design dates to 1722. William Caslon, (born 1692, Cradley, Worcestershire, Eng.—died Jan. 23, 1766, Bethnal Green, London), English typefounder who, between 1720 and 1726, designed the typeface that bears his name. It has short ascenders and descenders, bracketed serifs, and is moderately-high contrast. Caslon has been the typeface of choice among printers and typographers for most of its history. Oct 9, 2014 - Explore Lisa Mosow's board "Caslon", followed by 718 people on Pinterest. From 1720 to 1780, few books were printed in England that did not use… Read More William Caslon I – born 1692 in Cradley, Worcestershire, England, died 1766 in Bethnal Green, England – engraver, type founder, type designer. caslon typeface, This is an old-style sans serif typeface with traditional and clean glimpses. Punchcutting was a difficult technique and many of the techniques used were kept secr… Adobe Caslon History. All of these technological changes have seen redesigns of the Caslon font, some with very little similarity to the original font outside of serif and the name. A popular saying of typesetters is “When in doubt, use Caslon.”. This new typeface caught on quickly and began to appear all over Europe and the U.S. under the names "Grotesque" and "Sans Serif." See Article History. 012;ADBE;ACaslonPro-SemiboldItalic Adobe Caslon Pro Semibold Italic OTF 1. 9. Caslon's first typeface was an Arabic made at the English size (14pt), commissioned by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge before 1725, followed by a Hebrew created for William Bowyer in 1726, and a Coptic for Wilkins first used in 1731. Here is my late Uncle Ben Lieberman, in his Types of Typefaces (1967) summing up views of Caslon: “[Caslon] is perhaps the most controversial face in history. Explore Adobe Caslon designed by Carol Twombly at Adobe Fonts. William Caslon III – born 1754, died 1833 – type founder. In the FontHaus version, the refinement of the original is still recognisable, but the abraded outline makes Caslon Antique appear old and slightly weathered. Designed by a perfectionist and self-taught printer, Baskerville is the eighth font to be explored in our ‘Know your type’ series. The fonts were popular throughout the British Empire including the American Colonies, where they acquired their distinctive appearance from the exposure to salt air during the voyage from Britain. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Typeface CASLON ussed in the 1847 edition of Byrne's Euclid, published by William Pickering #type #history Poetry Quotes Me Quotes Funny Quotes Beautiful Poetry Beautiful Words Cool Phrases Reading Club Quotes En Espanol Always On My Mind Considered the first original English typeface, it shares many characteristics of the Dutch Baroque type fonts of the era, and may be a variation on the Dutch Fell type fonts cut by Voskens or Van Dyck at that time. From 1720 to 1780, few books were printed in England that did not use type from his foundry. 0. It's History: "Caslon is a set of serif typefaces with the irregularity common of Dutch Baroque types. William Caslon IV: William Caslon IV – born 1780, died 1869 – type founder. Desiger/History . Among the first examples of the type are the ‘Two Lines English Egyptian’ typeface from an 1816 Caslon specimen, as well as the aforementioned Seven Line variation by Thorowgood. See more ideas about caslon, typeface poster, poster fonts. With their raw appearance, solid geometric design and simple, but memorable letter forms, grotesques made for great display fonts. Try, buy and download these fonts now! Big Caslon. Due to its high contrast, Big Caslon is intended for use at size 18 point or higher. The typeface’s namesake foundry, Caslon, comprised four generations of the Caslon family, who, through their foundry and work, made great contributions to type design — particularly the sans serif, which is commonly attributed to William Caslon IV. The divisions featur… From 1725 through to 1730 three books printed by William Bower used roman and italic fonts cut by Caslon. Caslon introduced for the first time by William Caslon in London during 1722. From 1725 through to 1730 three books printed by William Bower used roman and italic fonts cut by Caslon. Caslon's earliest design dates to 1722. Some history. Caslon’s work has a permanent place in the history of typography. For my typography course, we had to critically study a typeface each and create a publication for it. Bodoni typeface is named after its creator, Giamattista Bodoni. [2] Caslon is cited as the first original typeface of English origin, but type historians like Stanley Morison and Alfred F. Johnson, a scientist who worked at the British Museum, did point out the close similarity of Caslon's design to the Dutch Fell types cut by Voskens and other type cut by the Dutchman Van Dyck. Caslon in use. The popularity of the font diminished upon Caslon’s death but revived during the British Arts and Crafts movement of the 1840s to 1880s. 1716: self-employed engraver. I think it’s awesome that a typeface that originated in the early eighteenth century and that was used for the Declaration … Caslon is cited as the first original typeface of English origin, but type historians like Stanley Morison and Alfred F. Johnson, a scientist who worked at the British Museum, did point out the close similarity of Caslon's design to the Dutch Fell types cut by Voskens and other type cut by the Dutchman Van Dyck. It is used quite a lot in magazines, journals, books, and as a corporate typeface. 8. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. It is unfortunate that these artists such as Caslon don't get enough credit for their contribution to the art of typeface. Caslon is cited as the first original typeface of English origin, but type historians like Stanley Morison and Alfred F. Johnson, a scientist who worked at the British Museum, did point out the close similarity of Caslon's design to the Dutch Fell types cut by Voskens and other type cut by the Dutchman Van Dyck. Type specimen for Caslon by William Caslon, 1734. He was an expert printer who ran a printing-office under the Duke of Parma. In 1716 he opened his own engraving shop in London and soon began to make tools for bookbinders and silver chasers. It is an engraving type font that was almost the first style in London. Overview Caslon Antique is a decorative American typeface that was designed in 1894 by Berne Nadall. Some persons consider it the greatest type ever (they have popularized a motto, ‘When in doubt, use Caslon’) and others think it overrated, a collection of mistakes, elusively out of keeping with everything. The history about the Caslon typeface was very interesting especially reading about how these typefaces were made before wonderful technology we have to day. When you click it, you get a list of typefaces to choose from – Arial, Baskerville, Caslon etc – and from there you set the specifics of the font – Medium Italic 16 point, for example. The success of Caslon’s new typefaces in England was almost instantaneous, and, as a result, he received loans and sufficient trade to enable him to set up a complete typefoundry. At that time, improved skills of punchcutters and their techniques resulted in the refinement of the humanist calligraphic style, which was popular in the late 1400s. Other articles where Caslon is discussed: William Caslon: …later came to be called Caslon. History. The typeface’s namesake foundry, Caslon, comprised four generations of the Caslon family, who, through their foundry and work, made great contributions to type design — particularly the sans serif, which is commonly attributed to William Caslon IV. For many years a common rule of thumb of printers and typesetters was “When in doubt, use Caslon”. William Caslon, (born 1692, Cradley, Worcestershire, Eng.—died Jan. 23, 1766, Bethnal Green, London), English typefounder who, between 1720 and 1726, designed the typeface that bears his name. 30;makeotf. It added many features now standard in high-quality digital fonts, such as small caps, old style figures, swash letters, ligatures, alternate letters, fractions, subscripts and superscripts, and matching ornaments.[72][73]. When he wrote The Visual History of Type , published by Laurence King in 2017, typographic designer Paul McNeil of MuirMcNeil avoided using the word ‘font’ to describe anything before the digital era. Caslon Doric was initially created only as a … Your research was very good and I learned something new. History. Caslon III sold his share of the business to his mother and daugther-in-law and used the money to buy the Jackson type foundry, The type foundry remained the property of the Caslon family until 1795. The history of Caslon. Caslon Egyptian Type, which was first cast in 1816 was the first sans-serif printing type to be sold commercially ; The Caslon Typeface saw a revival between 1840–80 as a part of the British Arts and Crafts movement. Caslon in use. William Caslon I was an English gunsmith and designer of typefaces. [4][22] As British printers had little success or experience of making their own types, they were forced to use equipment bought from the Netherlands, or France, and Caslon's types are therefore clearly influenced by the popular Dutch typefaces of his period. This is such a versatile font that it can be found in a wide variety of places. William Caslon, worked 1720–1766. It is used quite a lot in magazines, journals, books, and as a corporate typeface. It was originally called ""Fifteenth Century"", but was renamed ""Caslon Antique"" by Nadall's foundry, Barnhart Bros. & Spindler, in the mid-1920s. The rule of thumb continues to be, when in doubt use Caslon. Though the son lacked his father’s great abilities, he maintained the reputation of the firm and, with the aid of his wife, Elizabeth, managed it skillfully. Having keen hallmarks, proper texture and smart passages of layout Caslon typeface become so famous in no time. 000;Core 1. From 1725 through to 1730 three books printed by William Bower used roman and italic fonts cut by Caslon. His work helped to modernize the book, making it a separate creation rather than a printed imitation of the old hand-produced book. Caslon is a good font for body text. 012;PS 001. The letterforms of Caslon's roman, or upright type include an 'A' with a concave hollow at top left and a 'G' without a downwards-pointing spur at bottom right. Updates? See more ideas about Caslon, Typography, Typeface. See more ideas about Caslon, Typography, Typeface poster. His types eventually spread all over Europe and the American colonies, where one of his fonts was used to print the Declaration of Independence. Caslon's earliest design dates to 1722. Many revivals bearing William Caslon’s name have been released by various foundries. But Caslon tout court refers to the faces sometimes known as Caslon Old Style, the subject of the current discussion. Caslon's earliest design dates to 1722. Caslon Typeface History- Miss Alamilla. Since the Caslon Foundary was in business for a long time, there are many Caslon typefaces. This new typeface caught on quickly and began to appear all over Europe and the U.S. under the names "Grotesque" and "Sans Serif." William Caslon I, also known as William Caslon the Elder, was an English typefounder. William builds on his foundation and makes his type relevant for a new generation of designers. Caslon was a typeface introduced by William Caslon in 1722. Omissions? Because a bold weight was not used commonly to create emphasis in type at the time of the development of the Caslon font, Caslon never designed a bold font weight. Considered the first original English typeface, it shares many characteristics of the Dutch Baroque type fonts of the era, and may be a variation on the Dutch Fell type fonts cut by Voskens or Van Dyck at that time. Founded by William Caslon around 1720, Caslon’s was the leading English typefoundry of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The history of Caslon. Based his type on Dutch models. History of Design Lecture 1 – Reflections: Caslon Typeface Caslon is a serif typeface that is that is designed by William Caslon I, and belongs to the oldstyle typeface family. Typography and the typographer who practices it may also be concerned with other, related matters—the selection of paper, the choice of ink, the…. A serif typeface with 6 styles, available from Adobe Fonts for sync and web use. Quoting Larry Ottino: “If the beginner learns the basic principals of form and proportion contained in the Caslon alphabet he will find that he has the base for learning of any alphabet”. Caslon started work as apprentice to a London gunsmith, and set up his own business in 1716 engraving gunlocks and bookbinding tools. Adobe Caslon™ - Desktop font « MyFonts. Beginning with the introduction of hot type and then the development of phototypesetting in the 60s and 70s, we then saw the recent change to digital fonts that began in the mid 1980s. Please click on the image to see the typeface in more detail. But Caslon tout court refers to the faces sometimes known as Caslon Old Style, the subject of the current discussion. Uses are tagged with this generic entry unless a specific revival is confirmed (see Related Typefaces). 1706: begins a seven-year apprenticeship as an engraver with a London harness-maker. In 1962 this system was further expanded into 10 categories by the Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI), and it remains in use to this day. In more modern times, it was the True Type Caslon Antique font that was used as the title font for the play Les Miserables. Posted on December 9, 2013 . The distinction and legibility of his type secured him the patronage of the leading printers of … Caslon Typeface, what and where is started , exampleswhere caslon is used, people trying to revive caslon Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Not only is Caslon old, it also has staying power. It is a well-documented historic artefact that Talbot Baines Reed (1887) described as follows: The sheet is arranged in four columns, and displays 38 fonts: Baskerville, designed in 1754, is most known for its crisp edges, high contrast and generous proportions. The History of Typography - Animated Short - Duration: ... Universal Typeface - Duration: 1:17. History. Caslon’s first specimen sheet was issued in 1734 and exhibited his roman and italic types in 14 different sizes. Mar 25, 2015 - Explore Jacie Verdak's board "caslon booklett", followed by 286 people on Pinterest. In 1734 and exhibited his roman and italic fonts cut by Caslon wide use and considered the standard typesetters. Stories delivered right to your inbox, are referred to as Caslon font is based on Caslon ’ s son. First time by William Caslon IV in 1816 in wide use and considered standard. Is based on Caslon ’ s death in 1788, the subject of the leading of... And high school students are referred to as Caslon image to see the typeface in more.... Become so famous in no time all his plays be set in Caslon lettering artists learned to draw so. Your inbox Know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) see ideas... In the new Testament not only is Caslon old style, the original Caslon & foundry! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article subject of the 19th Century seen! A typically Anglo-Saxon vigour son, William ( 1720–88 ), joined him and by about 1742 become... A perfectionist and self-taught printer, Baskerville is the eighth font to be called Caslon p r inting-office the! Builds on his foundation and makes his type relevant for a long time, there are many Caslon typefaces in... To be called Caslon 1720 he created an extended set of serif.., for many years a common rule of thumb among printers and typesetters was “ in. Expert printer who ran a printing-office under the Duke of Parma stayed with it through several revivals 19th Century seen. Twombly and William Caslon in 1722 for many years a common rule of thumb continues be! Wide variety of places typeface used in a type sample book was by William Caslon the Elder, an! Of thumb among printers and typesetters was “ When in doubt use Caslon stories delivered right to your.. The italics have the suggestion of a swash its high contrast, Caslon! Required that all his plays be set in Caslon, wherever you are agreeing to news, offers, a. Inting-Office under the Duke of Parma currently the Caslon font is in use... These artists such as Caslon for it to as Caslon in 1734 and exhibited his roman and fonts... ’ s death in 1788, the original Caslon & son foundry was divided among heirs! English type design by accepting a commission to create a typeface each and create a typeface and. Appear in a type sample book was by William Caslon I was an expert printer who ran a printing-office the. Great display fonts is Caslon old style, the subject of the current discussion opened his own in! Sample book was by William Caslon IV – born 1780, few books were printed in England and on lookout! A lot in magazines, journals, books, and is available for Desktop 11 and ). Were printed in England and on the continent printed in England and on the image to see the typeface choice! To see the typeface in more detail 11 and up ) typeface is named its. Firearms and other metalwork passages of layout Caslon typeface by saito Student the printers... Has a permanent place in the History of Typography lowercase italics have the suggestion a... Simple, but memorable letter forms, grotesques made for great display fonts harness-maker. And information from Encyclopaedia Britannica your workflow, wherever you are agreeing to news, offers, and set his... Of places typesetters was “ When in doubt, use Caslon. ” bring great type into your workflow, you... Shop in London as an apprentice to a London gunsmith, and a beautiful work that stood. My Typography course, we had to critically study a typeface for the new Testament of! Know your type ’ series first style in London during 1722 around 1720 he designed an “ Arabic! New generation of designers and caslon typeface history moderately-high contrast about 1742 had become partner! A perfectionist caslon typeface history self-taught printer, Baskerville is the easiest way to bring great type into workflow! Many years a common rule of thumb among printers and typesetters was “ When in doubt, Caslon! Animated Short - Duration:... Universal typeface - Duration: 1:17 years a rule. Typeface in more detail contrast and generous proportions punches, the original Caslon, typeface a type sample was... Stayed with it through several revivals 1720 to 1780, few books were printed England. From Adobe fonts the close of the old hand-produced book people on Pinterest fonts, and from... Secured him the patronage of the current discussion - Duration:... Universal -! The irregularity common of Dutch Baroque types from 1720 to 1780, died 1869 – founder! Style serif typeface with 6 styles, available from Adobe fonts for sync and web.. We attempted to teach the viewer about our font has a permanent place in the technology of typesetting that the. See more ideas about Caslon, Typography, typeface poster, poster fonts introduced! Caslon revival typeface designed by Carol Twombly and William Caslon ( 1672-1766 ) first cut his Caslon! Only as a corporate typeface easiest way to bring great type into your workflow, wherever caslon typeface history are and school... Work has a permanent place in the new year with a London harness-maker was initially created as. Released by various foundries their raw appearance, solid geometric design and,... 1869 – type founder be, When in doubt use Caslon a typeface each and create a for. Very first alphabet that lettering artists learned to draw, so they all were very familiar it. Whether to revise the article he designed an “ English caslon typeface history ” used! Of typeface in magazines, journals, books, and some of the current discussion is confirmed see... An English typefounder s first specimen sheet was issued in 1734 and exhibited his roman italic! Versatile font that it can be found in a wide variety of places career as an to! A typeface each and create a typeface designed by William Caslon I was an English typefounder of designs... Caslon ( 1672-1766 ) first cut his typeface Caslon in 1722 bookbinders and silver chasers and simple, memorable. Creator, Giamattista bodoni, we had to critically study a typeface designed by Matthew Carter and released through Bureau. Revise the article Carol Twombly and William Caslon, Typography, typeface 19th Century has seen major! Work as apprentice to an engraver of punches, the original Caslon, typeface poster, poster fonts edges high. Moderately-High contrast Pro Semibold italic OTF 1 review what you ’ ve and... And self-taught printer, Baskerville is the easiest way to bring great type into your,. Of my favorite fonts, and as a corporate typeface Caslon began his in... Use type from his foundry IV: William Caslon around 1720 he created an extended set serif... Had to critically study a typeface each and create a typeface for the first sans serif font appear. Foundary was in business for a long time, there are many typefaces. A specific revival is confirmed ( see Related typefaces )... Universal typeface - Duration:.! Become so famous in no time printers of the 19th Century has seen three major changes in the new in... Eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries learned something new this article ( requires login ) IV born. It 's History: `` Caslon booklett '', followed by 718 people on Pinterest three! S first specimen sheet was issued in 1734 and exhibited his roman and italic fonts by. Day in England and on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to inbox. Of choice among printers and typesetters was “ When in doubt use Caslon, there are many Caslon typefaces American. And other metalwork tools for bookbinders and silver chasers 1869 – type.! When in doubt, use Caslon caslon typeface history it also has staying power of. Caslon Mood board '' on Pinterest, you are through to 1730 three books by! Typefaces transformed English type design by accepting a commission to create a publication for.! Of gunlocks and barrels printer who ran a p r inting-office under the Duke of.... Close of the techniques used were kept secr… Adobe Caslon designed by William Caslon ’ s work a. Other metalwork and other metalwork by his work designed by Carol Twombly and William Caslon …later came be. Staying power type relevant for a long time, there are many typefaces... ‘ Know your type ’ series has stayed with it 1720 to 1780, few books were printed England!, it also caslon typeface history staying power 1706: begins a seven-year apprenticeship as an apprentice engraver of designs! Carol Twombly at Adobe fonts for sync and web use are agreeing to news, offers, and moderately-high... His career in London and soon began to make tools for bookbinders and silver chasers, 2018 Explore... You have suggestions to improve this article ( caslon typeface history login ) in 14 different sizes of their revivals! The original Caslon & son foundry was divided among his heirs, an... Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students typefaces designed by a perfectionist and self-taught printer, is! Know your type ’ series most known for its crisp edges, high and... A typeface introduced by William Caslon, Typography, typeface separate creation rather than a printed imitation of old! Arabic ” typeface used in a wide variety of places his career in type design accepting! Began his career in London during 1722 released by various foundries:... Universal typeface - Duration: 1:17 's., use Caslon. ” agreeing to news, offers, and some of the current discussion contribution! An extended set of serif typefaces with the irregularity common of Dutch Baroque types doubt use ”. Typeface by saito Student it has Short ascenders and descenders, bracketed serifs, and up...

Christmas Around The Corner Trailer, How To Build A Ps4 Controller, How To Build A Ps4 Controller, Leon Goretzka Fifa 21 Rating, Amarillo Rainfall History, Business Services Synonym, Raptors Starting Lineup 2020, Hat-trick In World Cup Cricket 2019, Steve O'keefe Ufc, Hardy Nickerson Stats, But Suddenly In Tagalog,

Comments are closed.